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Washington Veterinarian — Requirements & Free Practice

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Licenses, application pathways and examination requirements

Each license and applicant pathway has its own requirements and exemptions. Choosing practice questions does not determine your eligibility.

Veterinarian License

License to practice veterinary medicine, surgery, and dentistry; initial, endorsement, reciprocity, and restoration pathways are distinguished below.

Licensing authority: Washington State Veterinary Board of Governors / Department of Health · Application information

Licensure by endorsement — mandatory out of state requirements waiver
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Application
Submit application, fees, and verification establishing eligibility for the statutory waiver.
Discipline
Not subject to denial or conditional licensure; no disciplinary action for unprofessional conduct or impairment in any state, federal, or foreign jurisdiction during the preceding two years or while the application is pending; no investigation or pending charges during the application.
First renewal training
Complete the Board-approved one-time veterinary jurisprudence training before the first renewal as required by WAC 246-933-438; the Board's online exam carrier is unresolved in the separate secondary note.
Mandatory waiver
RCW 18.130.077(1) requires waiver of education, training, experience, and examination requirements for this applicant class.
Out of state credential
Credentialed in another state or states with substantially equivalent standards for at least two years immediately preceding application, with no interruption longer than ninety days.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Initial licensure by examination — AVMA accredited graduate

At least one of the following alternatives:

Additional assessment discretion
RCW 18.92.100 allows the Board to supplement written testing with oral interviews or practical demonstrations it deems necessary; it identifies no separate currently registered assessment.
Application
Submit the Washington application, fee, and required official transcripts; an enrollment/expected-graduation letter may permit examination approval, but the license is not issued until the degree transcript is received.
Character and fitness
Good moral character, sworn application, and eligibility under the Uniform Disciplinary Act; submit personal data answers and required explanations.
Education
Graduate of an AVMA-accredited veterinary program; transcript must state the degree and graduation date.
First renewal training
WAC 246-933-438 requires Board-approved one-time Washington veterinary jurisprudence training after initial licensure and before the first renewal. The separate first-renewal route is unresolved as recorded in a secondary-route note.
Minimum age
At least eighteen years of age under RCW 18.92.070.
Other credentials
Disclose other credentials and applications; supply jurisdictional verification when requested by the Department.
Prior discontinued examination
A qualifying passing NBE score remains acceptable under WAC 246-933-250 and 246-933-270; NBE was last administered April 11, 2000 and is prior evidence, not a current examination leaf.
Score verification
The national examination score must be verified by the testing agency or VIVA and meet the criterion-referenced passing score.
Superseded board instruction
The pinned Board licensing-requirements page says: Washington State Jurisprudence Examination - The state jurisprudence examination is a state law and rule, mail-home/open book examination. This exam will be provided after initial application and state exam fees are received. You must obtain a 90 percent score on the state examination. There are 50 questions, and each question is worth two points. The higher-ranked amended WAC 246-933-250 omits this initial requirement, and the licensing-information page explicitly confirms removal on July 28, 2025. The quoted older instruction is retained for applicant awareness.
Initial licensure by examination — non AVMA accredited graduate

At least one of the following alternatives:

Additional assessment discretion
RCW 18.92.100 allows the Board to supplement written testing with oral interviews or practical demonstrations it deems necessary; it identifies no separate currently registered assessment.
Application
Submit the Washington application, fee, and required official transcripts; an enrollment/expected-graduation letter may permit examination approval, but the license is not issued until the degree transcript is received.
Character and fitness
Good moral character, sworn application, and eligibility under the Uniform Disciplinary Act; submit personal data answers and required explanations.
Education
Complete ECFVG or PAVE and have the program send proof directly to the Department. These state sources require program completion but do not identify BCSE, CPE, or QSE by name; no nationwide examination requirements are inferred from program names.
First renewal training
WAC 246-933-438 requires Board-approved one-time Washington veterinary jurisprudence training after initial licensure and before the first renewal. The separate first-renewal route is unresolved as recorded in a secondary-route note.
Minimum age
At least eighteen years of age under RCW 18.92.070.
Other credentials
Disclose other credentials and applications; supply jurisdictional verification when requested by the Department.
Prior discontinued examination
A qualifying passing NBE score remains acceptable under WAC 246-933-250 and 246-933-270; NBE was last administered April 11, 2000 and is prior evidence, not a current examination leaf.
Score verification
The national examination score must be verified by the testing agency or VIVA and meet the criterion-referenced passing score.
Superseded board instruction
The pinned Board licensing-requirements page says: Washington State Jurisprudence Examination - The state jurisprudence examination is a state law and rule, mail-home/open book examination. This exam will be provided after initial application and state exam fees are received. You must obtain a 90 percent score on the state examination. There are 50 questions, and each question is worth two points. The higher-ranked amended WAC 246-933-250 omits this initial requirement, and the licensing-information page explicitly confirms removal on July 28, 2025. The quoted older instruction is retained for applicant awareness.
Reactivation — expired one renewal cycle or less
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Expiration
Credential expired one annual renewal cycle or less; no practice until reactivated.
Fees and declarations
Pay late penalty, current renewal fee and required surcharge; provide profession-required declarations and meet continuing education requirements.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reactivation — expired more than three years with unrestricted licensure elsewhere
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Administrative requirements
Meet WAC 246-12-040 application, fee, declaration, and continuing education requirements.
Expiration
Washington veterinary license expired more than three years.
Other license
Submit verification of unrestricted licensure in another state or jurisdiction; foreign-country licensure is acceptable where an AVMA-accredited veterinary school or college exists.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reactivation — expired more than three years without licensure or active practice
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Administrative requirements
Abbreviated application, fees/surcharge, and required declarations.
Continuing education
Meet WAC 246-12-040 and chapter 246-933 WAC CE requirements plus an additional fifteen scientific/clinical hours meeting WAC 246-933-445(1)(a).
Eligibility
License expired more than three years and applicant has not held a license and has not been in active practice.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reactivation — expired more than one renewal cycle and up to three years
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Documentation
Abbreviated application, required renewal/late/reissuance fees and surcharge, declarations concerning unrestricted practice and continuing education; at exactly three years the administrative documentation requirements of WAC 246-12-040(3)(c) also apply.
Expiration
Credential expired more than one annual renewal cycle but no more than three years; WAC 246-933-275(1) governs the three-year boundary.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Return from mandated suspension
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Long suspension
If suspended more than three years, meet profession-specific current reactivation requirements.
Support orders
For support/visitation-order suspension, RCW 18.130.150 provides automatic reissue upon the required release, continued satisfaction of other reinstatement requirements, and the applicable fee.
Suspension order
Satisfy the mandated suspension order and provide required release; pay required fees/surcharge and meet continuing education/competency requirements for the suspension period.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Maintain military status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Renewal and education
Ordinary renewal and continuing education are not required while the credential is in military status under WAC 246-12-520.
Service
Submit service orders with the maintenance notice establishing continuing eligible service.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Change to inactive military related status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Credential
Active Washington credential in force and in good standing; no practice in Washington while inactive military-related.
Relationship
Spouse or registered domestic partner of an eligible service member stationed or deployed outside Washington; submit written request, official service orders, and relationship evidence.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Maintain inactive military related status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Documentation
Submit current service orders with the maintenance request; no continuing education is required during this inactive status.
Relationship
Remain married or in the registered domestic partnership while the service member remains stationed/deployed outside Washington.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Return from inactive military related status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Education
Continuing education applies during the following renewal; late fees apply if the return deadline is missed.
Return
Pay the active renewal fee/surcharge and submit the service member's current service/discharge documentation; after discharge supply DD214 showing a qualifying discharge within the previous six months and return within that period.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Return to active status from military status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Education
Continuing education applies after the first post-discharge renewal.
Return
Notify the Department, provide DD214 and pay the current active renewal fee and required surcharge; request return within six months of qualifying discharge, otherwise late fees apply.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Change to military status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Credential
Existing active Washington credential in good standing.
Service
Provide written request and official service orders establishing membership in the armed forces, Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, or Merchant Marine; full practice authorization continues during service.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Return to active status from retired active status
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Competency
The profession's published return-to-active packet states: Satisfy other competency requirements of the regulatory entity, if required. No other competency requirements needed. The packet's older AIDS-training and three-year CE-cycle statements are superseded by current chapter 246-933 WAC.
Declarations
Declare no disqualifying action or voluntary surrender/restriction and completion of applicable CE/competency requirements; provide other profession-required documentation.
Status
Current retired active credential; notify the Department in writing and pay the appropriate active renewal fee and surcharge.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Subsequent annual renewal after initial jurisprudence training
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continuing education
Thirty hours every two years under WAC 246-933-420, including applicable scientific/clinical minimums, one-time suicide prevention training, and health equity training.
Prior training
The required one-time jurisprudence training has already been completed; this route begins after the first renewal.
Renewal
Renew annually on the veterinarian's birthday; pay renewal fees and required surcharges and provide required declarations.
Specialty certification
For a specialty license, furnish continued specialty certification as required by WAC 246-933-300(3).

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Licensure by reciprocity under RCW 18.92.130

At least one of the following alternatives:

Additional assessment discretion
RCW 18.92.100 allows the Board to supplement written testing with oral interviews or practical demonstrations it deems necessary; it identifies no separate currently registered assessment.
Application
Submit the Washington application, fee, and required official transcripts; an enrollment/expected-graduation letter may permit examination approval, but the license is not issued until the degree transcript is received.
Character and fitness
Good moral character, sworn application, and eligibility under the Uniform Disciplinary Act; submit personal data answers and required explanations.
Continuous practice
Lawfully and continuously practicing for at least two years immediately before application; provide the examining board's attested certificate of registration, good character, and professional attainments.
Examination waiver
RCW 18.92.130 permits a reciprocal license without taking an examination and directs Board recommendations. The generally applicable implementing rule names NAVLE; the waiver is an applicant condition. Applicants entitled to the mandatory RCW 18.130.077 waiver have the separate endorsement route.
First renewal training
WAC 246-933-438 requires Board-approved one-time Washington veterinary jurisprudence training after initial licensure and before the first renewal. The separate first-renewal route is unresolved as recorded in a secondary-route note.
Minimum age
At least eighteen years of age under RCW 18.92.070.
Other credentials
Disclose other credentials and applications; supply jurisdictional verification when requested by the Department.
Prior discontinued examination
A qualifying passing NBE score remains acceptable under WAC 246-933-250 and 246-933-270; NBE was last administered April 11, 2000 and is prior evidence, not a current examination leaf.
Reciprocal license
Lawfully licensed in a state or territory with substantially equivalent standards and reciprocal privileges for Washington veterinarians.
Score verification
The national examination score must be verified by the testing agency or VIVA and meet the criterion-referenced passing score.
Superseded board instruction
The pinned Board licensing-requirements page says: Washington State Jurisprudence Examination - The state jurisprudence examination is a state law and rule, mail-home/open book examination. This exam will be provided after initial application and state exam fees are received. You must obtain a 90 percent score on the state examination. There are 50 questions, and each question is worth two points. The higher-ranked amended WAC 246-933-250 omits this initial requirement, and the licensing-information page explicitly confirms removal on July 28, 2025. The quoted older instruction is retained for applicant awareness.

Temporary Certificate to Practice Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry

One temporary certificate, for an approved examination applicant who has not previously failed the examination, valid until the next examination results become available.

Licensing authority: Washington State Veterinary Board of Governors / Department of Health · Application information

Temporary certificate pending next licensing examination results
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Approved application
Make the examination application under RCW 18.92.070; the secretary must find it satisfactory.
Assessment timing
NAVLE is the examination associated with the application even though the certificate permits practice before its results are available.
Discipline
Subject to grounds for denial or conditional licensure under chapter 18.130 RCW.
Duration
Only one temporary certificate is permitted; valid only until the next licensing examination results are available.
Education
Meet the application education and character requirements; nonaccredited graduates must satisfy the state ECFVG/PAVE equivalence requirement.
Employment
Employment must be by a licensed veterinary practitioner or the state of Washington.
Previous failure
The applicant must not have previously failed the veterinary examination.

Veterinarian Temporary Practice Permit

Temporary practice authorization for qualifying out-of-state license holders while documentation, national background checks, or military-spouse additional requirements are completed.

Licensing authority: Washington State Veterinary Board of Governors / Department of Health · Application information

Temporary practice permit pending national background check
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Submit the license application, applicable fee, credential verification, and supporting documents.
Background check
Meet all licensing requirements except the fingerprint-based national background check; submit fingerprint card and written permit request when notified.
Duration
Not renewable, reissuable, or extendable; expires on license issuance, decision notice unless specifically extended, or 180 days after issuance.
Eligibility
Unrestricted active substantially equivalent out-of-state veterinary license; no Washington criminal record and not subject to denial or conditional/restricted licensure.
Mandatory waiver
Applicants satisfying RCW 18.130.077 have all exam requirements waived; that qualification is a condition of this permit pathway.
National examination
The underlying license qualifications name NAVLE; an existing qualifying score satisfies it. Historical NBE scores and applicable statutory waivers remain applicant conditions.
Temporary practice permit for military spouse or registered domestic partner
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Submit the license application, applicable fee, credential verification, and supporting documents.
Duration
Expires upon license issuance, decision notice unless extended, or 180 days after issuance; additional outstanding requirements must be unrelated to training or practice standards.
Eligibility
Unrestricted active substantially equivalent out-of-state license and no pending investigation, charges, or disciplinary action; meet all training, education, and practice-standard requirements.
Mandatory waiver
Applicants satisfying RCW 18.130.077 have all exam requirements waived; that qualification is a condition of this permit pathway.
Military relationship
Moving to Washington because of the service member's transfer; provide military orders and evidence of marriage or registered domestic partnership as required by WAC 246-12-051.
National examination
The underlying license qualifications name NAVLE; an existing qualifying score satisfies it. Historical NBE scores and applicable statutory waivers remain applicant conditions.

North American Veterinary Licensing Examination

Provider
International Council for Veterinary Assessment (ICVA); delivered at Prometric testing centers
Format
Computer-based multiple-choice examination; each question presents a clinical scenario or vignette followed by a question requiring one answer from a list of response options; about 15-20% include graphics such as photos or radiographs. Beginning with the October-November 2026 NAVLE the test is divided into twelve blocks of 30 questions each.
Exam questions
360 multiple-choice questions
Time limit
Around seven and a half (7.5) hours
Passing score
Score report gives a pass or fail designation and a three-digit scaled score
Exam fee
$825 (USD) standard NAVLE fee; $1,220 (USD) international NAVLE fee (standard fee + international fee of $395)
Examination outline
  • Clinical Practice (competency domain; target blueprint 70%) (70%)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Create or update medical records
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Develop a differential diagnosis
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Formulate a diagnostic plan
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Formulate possible differential diagnoses
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret cytologic specimens
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret diagnostic images (e.g., ECG, endoscopy, ultrasound, x-ray)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from laboratory tests (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from physical examination
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from postmortem specimen
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret principles of pathophysiology and mechanism of action
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret results of system-specific examination (e.g., ophthalmic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, dental)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Investigate possible exposure of companion animal to toxin
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Investigate possible exposure of food or game animal to toxin
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Observe or interpret an animal’s mental status and other aspects of behavior
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain animal health history from client
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain diagnostic images (e.g., ultrasound, x-ray)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain specimens or samples for laboratory studies (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform general physical examination
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform postmortem examination to determine cause of death
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform standard diagnostic tests on samples (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform system-specific examination (e.g., ophthalmic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, dental)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Prioritize need for diagnostic procedures considering available resources
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Read and interpret production records or farm-based computer reports to understand herd-level health parameters
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Review animal medical records to determine health status
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer a biological or pharmacological agent other than anesthesia, including blood, vaccinations, drugs, and medications
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer general anesthesia
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer local anesthesia
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Apply a splint, cast or other stabilization device
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Care for wounds or surgical incisions (e.g., suture, dress)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Determine prognosis
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Establish a rehabilitation plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Establish a treatment plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Evaluate a treatment outcome
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Formulate or evaluate a behavior modification plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Formulate patient/herd/population management and treatment plans (e.g., stall rest, medication, raising curtains in a pig barn, testing feed)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Perform common therapeutic/surgical procedures (e.g., tissue biopsy, wound drainage)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Perform major surgical procedures (e.g., abdominal, orthopedic)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Prescribe a biological or pharmacological agent
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Refer clients to veterinary specialists for further diagnostic studies or treatment
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Synthesize multiple sources of diagnostic information, including local disease prevalence, to determine diagnosis
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Treat minor injuries or trauma (e.g., abrasions, lacerations, eye wounds)
  • Preventive Medicine and Animal Welfare (competency domain; target blueprint 15%) (15%)
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Certify that animals or animal products meet certain standards (e.g., living conditions, sanitation, health or disease status)
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Conduct or oversee an animal welfare audit
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Conduct periodic/annual examinations on client animals and discuss vaccination, deworming, diet, exercise, and other wellness considerations
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Explain to client the components of an animal welfare audit
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Identify and take action on animal welfare problems
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Verify that diseased or infected animals have been managed according to professional or governmental guidelines
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Work with community groups or regulatory bodies to address the ethical treatment, health, and welfare of animals
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Apply isolation or quarantine and/or disinfection measures to own work environment as a means of disease prevention/control
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Ensure proper disposal of biomedical waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Evaluate animal environments to identify possible epidemiological problems and public health concerns
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Inform client or community about effective methods for managing animal or human waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Inspect practice environment (e.g., clinic, vehicle) to ensure that it is safe and accessible
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Instruct client about methods to humanely terminate diseased animals and dispose of infected carcasses
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Instruct staff, colleagues, or others about proper technique for disposal of biomedical waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Monitor workplace to verify that it complies with hazardous materials requirements
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Apply isolation or quarantine procedures as a means of disease prevention and control
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Collaborate or consult with clients, health professionals, government agencies, or community groups on public health issues such as food safety and zoonotic disease
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Conduct a community education workshop on some topic related to animal or human health
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Consult with community stakeholders about animal population control
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Discuss animal care options with an immunocompromised owner
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Formulate a patient/herd management and/or treatment plan for public health and/or zoonotic disease cases or concerns
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Inform clients or community about prevention and treatment of zoonotic organism exposure
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Inspect food to ensure consumer safety
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Investigate a disease outbreak
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Participate in disease control or eradication program
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Participate in epidemiologic inquiry of a reportable disease by collecting, handling, or transporting specimens/samples
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Report a transboundary or zoonotic disease to state, regional, or national agency
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Apply the fundamentals of epidemiology and/or biostatistics
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Interpret biostatistical or epidemiologic principles or problems
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Investigate epidemiologic problems
  • Communications (competency domain; the target blueprint lists 'Communication' at 8%) (8%)
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Build relationships with junior colleagues or new graduates
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Consult with other veterinarians or veterinary specialists regarding animal care
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Delegate delivery of veterinary care and services to associates or staff
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Deliver verbal case summaries to other veterinarians or members of the health care team
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Describe disaster preparedness plan to coworkers
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Engage regulatory bodies to improve standards of practice or to address other professional issues
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Explain results of research to non-veterinary health workers (e.g., staff, other agencies)
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Guide the work of associates or other staff in the delivery of veterinary services
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Mentor and supervise veterinary and veterinary technician students
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Respond to unprofessional or unethical behavior in others
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Train staff in animal health and care
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Write a case summary for use by other veterinarians or members of the health care team
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Advise client on health maintenance for herd, flock or individual pet (e.g., husbandry, production management, public health, wellness exams)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Advise client regarding appropriate and inappropriate pharmacy compounding
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss euthanasia with client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss strategies with producer or client to reduce antibiotic resistance and/or antibiotic residues
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss the limits of legal extra-label drug use with client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Ensure that client understands the effects of prescribed pharmaceuticals, including chemotherapeutics (e.g., withdrawal time, side effects)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Explain diagnosis and prognosis to clients using lay terminology
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Explain research results to client, describing its implications for animal care
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Help clients differentiate trustworthy from unreliable information (e.g., from Internet or advertisements) to support the care of their animals
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Inform client of bad news (e.g., animal terminal illness, show animal that can’t be bred)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Instruct clients on how to obtain diagnostic information from an animal’s home environment (e.g., sleeping respiratory rate, stool or urine samples)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Instruct clients on methods for isolating and quarantining diseased animals
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Negotiate payment plan with a client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Obtain informed consent from client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Provide instruction regarding food safety practices
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Provide verbal instructions to client regarding follow-up care (e.g., medications, wound care, environmental enrichment)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Recommend management options to clients that are consistent with their cultural norms and personal values
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Refer client for grief counseling
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Talk with client to clarify concerns and expectations regarding type and level of care
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Teach client about preventive care (e.g., nutrition, behavior, dental, vaccines, parasites)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Use appropriate communication techniques (e.g., open-ended inquiry, empathy)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Write a summary of animal care instructions for a client
  • Professionalism, Practice Management, and Wellness (competency domain; target blueprint 'Professionalism, Practice Management and Wellness' 7%) (7%)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Apply appropriate animal restraint
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Describe workings of benefit plan (e.g., retirement, health insurance) to staff
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Develop a budget for own practice or employer
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Develop standard operating procedures (e.g., procedures manual for practice or work environment)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate and purchase major medical equipment
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate and purchase office/practice management software
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate new medications, products, or treatment procedures to determine suitability for own practice
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Negotiate work or practice arrangements (e.g., compensation, work schedule) with colleagues
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Prepare or update employee handbook
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Purchase expendable supplies (e.g., pharmaceuticals, dressing)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Review practice management data, including business and financial records
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Supervise paraprofessional or technical support staff
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Attend a professional development seminar or workshop
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Attend training on emerging technologies in veterinary medicine
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Conduct oneself in a professional, ethical, and legal manner
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Consult reference materials (e.g., journals, online databases, other) to help formulate diagnosis or treatment options
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Encourage veterinarian and support staff wellness
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Exchange new scientific or technical information with other health professionals
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Give a talk at a professional meeting
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in activities of local, national, or international professional association (e.g., state veterinarian association)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in online professional development activity
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in or conduct an investigation to test a new procedure (e.g., diagnostic, nutritional, medication, surgical)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in professional development activities (e.g., continuing education, board certification)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Read a journal article for professional development
Examination sources