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Pennsylvania Veterinarian — Requirements & Free Practice

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Licenses, application pathways and examination requirements

Each license and applicant pathway has its own requirements and exemptions. Choosing practice questions does not determine your eligibility.

Veterinarian

Ordinary veterinary license, including initial issuance, reciprocal and endorsement pathways, renewal, reactivation, reissue and disciplinary restoration. The Volunteer Health Services Act defines its participating boards exhaustively and does not include the State Board of Veterinary Medicine.

Licensing authority: Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medicine · Application information

Court ordered reinstatement of a revoked license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Court order
Section 20 excepts reinstatement ordered by a court from the ordinary five-year and new-application route. Follow the actual court order; no named currently offered examination is prescribed for this pathway by the defining provision.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Licensure by endorsement under Act 41 / 63 Pa.C.S. §3111(a)
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Administration
Submit the application and required fees. Act 41 consideration is case by case if existing reciprocal options do not provide licensure.
Competency
Demonstrate competency through methods the Board determines, including continuing education or professional experience for at least two of the five preceding years. No identifiable examination is prescribed by the current endorsement provisions.
License held
A current professional license from another state, territory or country whose requirements the Board determines are substantially equivalent to or exceed Pennsylvania requirements.
Standing
Be in good standing; disciplinary history and acts constituting grounds for refusal may be accepted only at the Board’s discretion as §3111 permits.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reinstatement within five years — practice on an expired license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Duration
This route is limited to expiration not exceeding five years and excludes circumstances requiring §9 requalification.
Education
Provide CE certificates for the current and prior biennial periods during which practice occurred, together with the statutory biennial educational requirements.
Fees
Pay the current renewal fee, outstanding fees and applicable late fees.
Practice
Cease practice until authorization is restored; unauthorized practice is subject to discipline.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reactivation within five years — no practice while expired
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Duration
Expiration not exceeding five years; no period of nonpractice longer than five years.
Education
The practice act §19(a) requires the CE that would have been completed had the license remained active; the Board’s §31.13(d) requests certificates for the biennial period preceding renewal. The statute controls and both requirements are shown here.
Fees
Section 19(a) requires outstanding fees; the implementing rule exempts preceding nonpractice periods from late fees and requires the current renewal fee. Board approval is required.
Nonpractice
Provide the required Affidavit of Non-Practice.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Original licensure — approved veterinary school graduate
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Education
Graduation from a Board-approved school or college of veterinary medicine; clinical experience forms part of the accredited program.
Examination result
Passing NAVLE results must be furnished through the national grade reporting service. Taking the examination before applying does not remove it from this route.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Original licensure — educational equivalence certification
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Education
Submit certification of equivalence directly from AVMA ECFVG or AAVSB PAVE, as an alternative to graduation from an approved school. These certifications are applicant qualifications; the Pennsylvania provisions do not identify their internal examination steps.
Examination result
Pass NAVLE and complete the educational-equivalence certification before applying for Pennsylvania licensure.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Requalification and reactivation after a lapse exceeding five years
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Applicability
Required when expiration for failure to register exceeds five years under §19(b), or when §31.13(e) applies because practice on an expired license or nonpractice exceeds five years.
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Qualification
Apply again under Section 9 and establish examination competency; NAVLE is the current Board licensing examination. The Board’s 2011 explanation expressly describes this as re-examination.
Military applicant — educational requirement exception
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Education exception
The Board may issue the license despite incomplete educational requirements, crediting substantially equivalent military education and training.
Military status
A servicemember, veteran or military spouse must document qualifying status.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Other requirements
Pass all required licensing examinations and satisfy all other noneducational qualifications under §§3303(a) and 3304.
Practice
At least two of the five years preceding application in active practice, crediting relevant military service duties.
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Reactivation following deployment
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Board discretion
The Board may reactivate without penalty; all other renewal requirements remain subject to the statutory CE extension of up to six months.
Deadline
Seek reactivation within one month after deployment ends.
Status
A servicemember whose renewal period occurred during deployment outside Pennsylvania, or an accompanying military spouse.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Deployed servicemember or accompanying spouse — advance renewal
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Education
If all other requirements are met, CE or continued-competency requirements must be extended up to six months after deployment ends.
Renewal
Submit renewal requirements before deployment; the Board reviews them and processes the application when renewal opens.
Status
A servicemember scheduled for deployment outside Pennsylvania, or the spouse residing with that servicemember during deployment.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reciprocal licensure — five years of active clinical practice
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Discretion
The Board may grant this license after reviewing the evidence and fee.
Documentation
Submit an application, detailed five-year clinical-practice verification, licensing-board verification of continued licensure, two recommendations by licensed veterinarians and good-standing letters from every licensing board.
Historical assessments
Section 16(e)(2) speaks of an oral examination, practical examination, or both as prescribed by the Board. The Board’s 2000 official final rule documents replacement of that practical/oral requirement by PVLPE and deletion of PVLPE. The current §31.11(c) contains the complete documentary reciprocal requirements with no currently offered examination. No discontinued examination is represented as a leaf.
License held
Section 16(e) authorizes licensing from other United States states and Canadian provinces; the current Board regulation and snapshot describe applicants licensed in another state.
Practice
Maintain a valid license and active clinical practice in the licensing jurisdiction for the five years immediately preceding application.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Biennial license renewal
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Cycle
Renew for the two-year period beginning December 1 of every even-numbered year; the preceding license expires November 30.
Education
Complete and certify 30 Board-approved CE hours in the 24 months preceding renewal.
Fee
Pay the applicable biennial renewal fee.
Reporting
Report other licenses, disciplinary actions and criminal dispositions as the governing provisions require.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Reissue after revocation — Section 9 application
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Qualification
Meet Section 9 licensing qualifications anew, including the currently identified NAVLE examination. Court-ordered reinstatement is a separate pathway.
Waiting period
Apply after a five-year period following revocation.
Restoration of a suspended license
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Board order
The Board may restore the suspended license and impose disciplinary or corrective measures originally available under Section 24. An actual order may impose individualized conditions; no identifiable currently offered exam is prescribed in this provision.
Temporary suspension
Section 25(b) also requires immediate restoration when a preliminary hearing determines that no prima facie case supports the temporary suspension.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-29.

Restricted license

Conditional restricted veterinary license authority under 63 Pa.C.S. §3112.1, only if a correctional facility offers training in the occupation and the Board exercises the authority. This is not an assertion that such a training program is currently operating.

Licensing authority: Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medicine · Application information

Conditional restricted licensure — correctional training and demonstrated fitness
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Application
Apply through PALS, pay the applicable Board fee, and provide the requested supporting documents.
Conversion
For an ordinary license at completion, comply with restricted-license conditions and meet all other practice-act qualifications, including the registered current licensing examination.
Criminal review
63 Pa.C.S. §3113 controls consideration of criminal convictions notwithstanding conflicting older disqualifications in the practice act and implementing rule; the Board uses its statutory individualized assessment.
Duration
A Board-determined period of one to two years.
Fitness
The Board may issue the restricted license as an alternative to refusing or disciplining licensure because of a criminal conviction; evidence includes good conduct, rehabilitation, training completion, compliance with parole and a commitment to lawful conduct.
Minimum age
At least 18 years old under Section 9(b)(1).
Professional standing
Provide a letter from every jurisdiction in which a veterinary license has been held, including disciplinary outcomes under 49 Pa. Code §31.11(b)(3).
Program condition
Applicable only if a county correctional facility or the Department of Corrections offers training in the occupation requiring this Board’s license. No operating veterinary training program is asserted here.
Restrictions
Observe Board-imposed scope/location limits, reasonable professional supervision, prompt written supervisor-change notification and other conditions.

Temporary permit to practice veterinary medicine

Discretionary permit still authorized by Section 10. The Board removed the obsolete implementing permit procedures and fee in 2011; issuance is discretionary and must be confirmed with the Board.

Licensing authority: Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medicine · Application information

Discretionary temporary permit while awaiting the next licensing examination
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination
Current implementation
The Board removed permit procedures and fees in 2011 as unnecessary and emphasized that issuance is discretionary. The statutory authority remains; ask the Board whether it will exercise that authority.
Issuance
Section 10 permits issuance without first sitting the examination, but expressly requires the permit holder to present for the next scheduled Board licensing examination. NAVLE therefore remains a leaf.
Qualification
Meet applicant licensing qualifications other than the examination still to be taken; an applicant who previously failed the examination is not eligible.
Supervision
Associate with the named licensed veterinarian and limit work to that veterinarian’s practice; do not operate a branch office, clinic or allied establishment.
Term
At most one permit per applicant; expiration follows the announcement of first-exam grades, and failure to present terminates it.

North American Veterinary Licensing Examination

Provider
International Council for Veterinary Assessment (ICVA); delivered at Prometric testing centers
Format
Computer-based multiple-choice examination; each question presents a clinical scenario or vignette followed by a question requiring one answer from a list of response options; about 15-20% include graphics such as photos or radiographs. Beginning with the October-November 2026 NAVLE the test is divided into twelve blocks of 30 questions each.
Exam questions
360 multiple-choice questions
Time limit
Around seven and a half (7.5) hours
Passing score
Score report gives a pass or fail designation and a three-digit scaled score
Exam fee
$825 (USD) standard NAVLE fee; $1,220 (USD) international NAVLE fee (standard fee + international fee of $395)
Examination outline
  • Clinical Practice (competency domain; target blueprint 70%) (70%)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Create or update medical records
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Develop a differential diagnosis
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Formulate a diagnostic plan
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Formulate possible differential diagnoses
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret cytologic specimens
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret diagnostic images (e.g., ECG, endoscopy, ultrasound, x-ray)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from laboratory tests (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from physical examination
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret findings from postmortem specimen
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret principles of pathophysiology and mechanism of action
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Interpret results of system-specific examination (e.g., ophthalmic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, dental)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Investigate possible exposure of companion animal to toxin
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Investigate possible exposure of food or game animal to toxin
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Observe or interpret an animal’s mental status and other aspects of behavior
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain animal health history from client
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain diagnostic images (e.g., ultrasound, x-ray)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Obtain specimens or samples for laboratory studies (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform general physical examination
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform postmortem examination to determine cause of death
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform standard diagnostic tests on samples (e.g., urine, blood, tissue)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Perform system-specific examination (e.g., ophthalmic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, dental)
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Prioritize need for diagnostic procedures considering available resources
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Read and interpret production records or farm-based computer reports to understand herd-level health parameters
    • Data Gathering and Interpretation (target blueprint 35%) — Review animal medical records to determine health status
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer a biological or pharmacological agent other than anesthesia, including blood, vaccinations, drugs, and medications
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer general anesthesia
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Administer local anesthesia
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Apply a splint, cast or other stabilization device
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Care for wounds or surgical incisions (e.g., suture, dress)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Determine prognosis
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Establish a rehabilitation plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Establish a treatment plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Evaluate a treatment outcome
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Formulate or evaluate a behavior modification plan
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Formulate patient/herd/population management and treatment plans (e.g., stall rest, medication, raising curtains in a pig barn, testing feed)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Perform common therapeutic/surgical procedures (e.g., tissue biopsy, wound drainage)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Perform major surgical procedures (e.g., abdominal, orthopedic)
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Prescribe a biological or pharmacological agent
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Refer clients to veterinary specialists for further diagnostic studies or treatment
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Synthesize multiple sources of diagnostic information, including local disease prevalence, to determine diagnosis
    • Health Maintenance and Problem Management (listed in the target blueprint as 'Health Maintenance and Prevention', 35%) — Treat minor injuries or trauma (e.g., abrasions, lacerations, eye wounds)
  • Preventive Medicine and Animal Welfare (competency domain; target blueprint 15%) (15%)
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Certify that animals or animal products meet certain standards (e.g., living conditions, sanitation, health or disease status)
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Conduct or oversee an animal welfare audit
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Conduct periodic/annual examinations on client animals and discuss vaccination, deworming, diet, exercise, and other wellness considerations
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Explain to client the components of an animal welfare audit
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Identify and take action on animal welfare problems
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Verify that diseased or infected animals have been managed according to professional or governmental guidelines
    • Animal Welfare Issues and Concerns (target blueprint 6%) — Work with community groups or regulatory bodies to address the ethical treatment, health, and welfare of animals
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Apply isolation or quarantine and/or disinfection measures to own work environment as a means of disease prevention/control
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Ensure proper disposal of biomedical waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Evaluate animal environments to identify possible epidemiological problems and public health concerns
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Inform client or community about effective methods for managing animal or human waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Inspect practice environment (e.g., clinic, vehicle) to ensure that it is safe and accessible
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Instruct client about methods to humanely terminate diseased animals and dispose of infected carcasses
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Instruct staff, colleagues, or others about proper technique for disposal of biomedical waste
    • Environmental Health and Safety (target blueprint 5%) — Monitor workplace to verify that it complies with hazardous materials requirements
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Apply isolation or quarantine procedures as a means of disease prevention and control
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Collaborate or consult with clients, health professionals, government agencies, or community groups on public health issues such as food safety and zoonotic disease
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Conduct a community education workshop on some topic related to animal or human health
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Consult with community stakeholders about animal population control
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Discuss animal care options with an immunocompromised owner
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Formulate a patient/herd management and/or treatment plan for public health and/or zoonotic disease cases or concerns
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Inform clients or community about prevention and treatment of zoonotic organism exposure
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Inspect food to ensure consumer safety
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Investigate a disease outbreak
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Participate in disease control or eradication program
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Participate in epidemiologic inquiry of a reportable disease by collecting, handling, or transporting specimens/samples
    • Veterinary Public Health (target blueprint 4%) — Report a transboundary or zoonotic disease to state, regional, or national agency
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Apply the fundamentals of epidemiology and/or biostatistics
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Interpret biostatistical or epidemiologic principles or problems
    • Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics (no separate subdomain percentage is published in the target blueprint) — Investigate epidemiologic problems
  • Communications (competency domain; the target blueprint lists 'Communication' at 8%) (8%)
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Build relationships with junior colleagues or new graduates
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Consult with other veterinarians or veterinary specialists regarding animal care
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Delegate delivery of veterinary care and services to associates or staff
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Deliver verbal case summaries to other veterinarians or members of the health care team
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Describe disaster preparedness plan to coworkers
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Engage regulatory bodies to improve standards of practice or to address other professional issues
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Explain results of research to non-veterinary health workers (e.g., staff, other agencies)
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Guide the work of associates or other staff in the delivery of veterinary services
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Mentor and supervise veterinary and veterinary technician students
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Respond to unprofessional or unethical behavior in others
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Train staff in animal health and care
    • Communications with Veterinary and Other Professionals (target blueprint 'Communication with Veterinary and other Professionals' 3%) — Write a case summary for use by other veterinarians or members of the health care team
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Advise client on health maintenance for herd, flock or individual pet (e.g., husbandry, production management, public health, wellness exams)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Advise client regarding appropriate and inappropriate pharmacy compounding
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss euthanasia with client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss strategies with producer or client to reduce antibiotic resistance and/or antibiotic residues
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Discuss the limits of legal extra-label drug use with client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Ensure that client understands the effects of prescribed pharmaceuticals, including chemotherapeutics (e.g., withdrawal time, side effects)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Explain diagnosis and prognosis to clients using lay terminology
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Explain research results to client, describing its implications for animal care
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Help clients differentiate trustworthy from unreliable information (e.g., from Internet or advertisements) to support the care of their animals
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Inform client of bad news (e.g., animal terminal illness, show animal that can’t be bred)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Instruct clients on how to obtain diagnostic information from an animal’s home environment (e.g., sleeping respiratory rate, stool or urine samples)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Instruct clients on methods for isolating and quarantining diseased animals
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Negotiate payment plan with a client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Obtain informed consent from client
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Provide instruction regarding food safety practices
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Provide verbal instructions to client regarding follow-up care (e.g., medications, wound care, environmental enrichment)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Recommend management options to clients that are consistent with their cultural norms and personal values
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Refer client for grief counseling
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Talk with client to clarify concerns and expectations regarding type and level of care
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Teach client about preventive care (e.g., nutrition, behavior, dental, vaccines, parasites)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Use appropriate communication techniques (e.g., open-ended inquiry, empathy)
    • Communications with Clients (target blueprint 'Communication with Clients' 5%) — Write a summary of animal care instructions for a client
  • Professionalism, Practice Management, and Wellness (competency domain; target blueprint 'Professionalism, Practice Management and Wellness' 7%) (7%)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Apply appropriate animal restraint
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Describe workings of benefit plan (e.g., retirement, health insurance) to staff
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Develop a budget for own practice or employer
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Develop standard operating procedures (e.g., procedures manual for practice or work environment)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate and purchase major medical equipment
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate and purchase office/practice management software
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Evaluate new medications, products, or treatment procedures to determine suitability for own practice
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Negotiate work or practice arrangements (e.g., compensation, work schedule) with colleagues
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Prepare or update employee handbook
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Purchase expendable supplies (e.g., pharmaceuticals, dressing)
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Review practice management data, including business and financial records
    • Veterinary Practice Management (target blueprint 4%) — Supervise paraprofessional or technical support staff
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Attend a professional development seminar or workshop
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Attend training on emerging technologies in veterinary medicine
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Conduct oneself in a professional, ethical, and legal manner
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Consult reference materials (e.g., journals, online databases, other) to help formulate diagnosis or treatment options
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Encourage veterinarian and support staff wellness
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Exchange new scientific or technical information with other health professionals
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Give a talk at a professional meeting
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in activities of local, national, or international professional association (e.g., state veterinarian association)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in online professional development activity
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in or conduct an investigation to test a new procedure (e.g., diagnostic, nutritional, medication, surgical)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Participate in professional development activities (e.g., continuing education, board certification)
    • Professional Development and Lifelong Learning (target blueprint 'Professional Development and Life-Long Learning' 3%) — Read a journal article for professional development
Examination sources