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Montana Behavior Analyst — Requirements & Free Practice

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Assistant Behavior Analyst

Montana license for assistant behavior analyst under 37-17-403, MCA. The relevant BACB examination remains a requirement even when passed before application. National certification and other applicant qualifications are conditions.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Licensure by endorsement or reciprocity
BCaBA Certification Examination
Active Outside License
Hold an active license in good standing in a jurisdiction with substantially equivalent qualifications measured at application. If qualifications are not substantially equivalent, the Board determines whether actual qualifications and work experience address the deficiency.
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Equivalency Review
ARM 24.189.605, adopted effective February 7, 2026, treats listed substantially equivalent jurisdictions as routine for education, examination and experience; an application may be nonroutine for another reason. This survey does not assess another jurisdiction.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Reciprocity Agreement
An applicable Board reciprocity agreement cannot allow standards below substantially equivalent Montana standards; examination credit or relief for an individual applicant is assessed by the Board.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Reactivation of an expired license within two years
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with certification and educational requirements accrued since the license was last granted or renewed.
Mandatory Audit
Reactivation after expiration is subject to a mandatory continuing education audit under 37-1-306(2), MCA.
Renewal Submission
Submit the completed renewal form and pay the prescribed current renewal and late penalty fees.
Time Limit
Reactivate within two years after the renewal date.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Licensure by examination and current BACB certification
BCaBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Reactivation within 45 days after lapse
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with applicable certification and educational requirements; this renewal-based reactivation does not itself require a named licensure examination.
Renewal Submission
Submit the completed renewal form and pay the prescribed current renewal and late penalty fees.
Time Limit
Reactivate within 45 days after the renewal date.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Military member, military spouse or veteran reciprocity
BCaBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Discipline
The military reciprocity provisions do not apply if the outside license is not in good standing or is subject to pending charges or final disciplinary action for unprofessional conduct or impairment.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Equivalence
Under 37-1-147(2)(a), MCA, the Board may issue the license when the other licensing requirements are substantially equivalent; this does not direct an additional sitting of the BACB examination already passed.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Military Eligibility
Meet the military-member, military-spouse, change-of-station or honorable-discharge-and-relocation conditions of 37-1-147(1), MCA, and hold an outside license or certification in good standing.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Initial licensure with relevant military education, training or service
BCaBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Military Qualifications
Upon presentation of satisfactory evidence, relevant education, training or service completed in the armed forces or reserves of the United States, national guard, military reserves or naval militia is accepted toward license qualifications under 37-1-145, MCA. This does not itself waive the named BACB examination.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
New original license after automatic termination
BCaBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Terminated License
A license not renewed within two years automatically terminates under 37-1-141(8), MCA; it cannot be reactivated. Apply for a new original license and meet current qualifications.
Voluntary licensure by an otherwise exempt person
BCaBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCaBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
Exemption
A person within 37-17-404(1)-(4), MCA, may choose to apply for licensure by meeting 37-17-403. The exemption does not create an additional license level or a technician license.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision
Provide the supervision form identifying the licensed behavior analyst supervisor requested by the application. Under 37-17-405(2), MCA, practice requires supervision by a Montana-licensed behavior analyst or a licensed psychologist certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology in behavioral and cognitive psychology.
Annual license renewal
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with applicable continuing education and certification requirements. Under 37-1-306(2), MCA, proof or audit is not a precondition for ordinary renewal.
Continuing Education
Obtain 20 hours each two-year reporting period ending on the renewal date in odd-numbered years, including two ethics hours and one suicide-prevention hour. No CE is required if licensed less than one full calendar year at the first reporting date. Maintain CE records for three years; do not carry hours forward.
Renewal Window
Renew from November 1 through December 31 by submitting the completed renewal form and prescribed renewal fee.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Assistant Behavior Analyst Temporary License for Military Reciprocity

Temporary license authorized by 37-1-147(2)(b), MCA, for an eligible military applicant completing specific Montana requirements.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Military reciprocity temporary license pending specific qualifications
BCaBA Certification Examination
Board Determination
The Board determines the specific outstanding requirements. The BACB licensure examination identified by 37-17-403 is retained, with credit for an existing passing score or deferred passage treated as the applicant condition.
Discipline
The special reciprocity provisions do not apply if the outside license is not in good standing or has the pending charges or final disciplinary action described in 37-1-147(3), MCA.
Military Eligibility
Meet the military eligibility and outside good-standing requirements of 37-1-147(1), MCA.
Nonequivalent Requirements
If the outside requirements are not substantially equivalent, the Board may issue a temporary license while the person completes specific Montana requirements.

Assistant Behavior Analyst Provisional License

Provisional license under 37-1-144, MCA, while one or more statutorily specified conditions are pending.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Provisional licensure while specified conditions are pending
BCaBA Certification Examination
Exam Timing
Examination passage may be pending or already established. The identified BACB examination is retained; a reference does not demand a new sitting by an applicant whose passing score is accepted.
Initial Eligibility
The department must initially determine the applicant eligible except for one or more conditions listed in 37-1-144(1), MCA.
Limitations
The Board may prescribe time, place, supervision or other limitations by rule.
Pending Conditions
Pending conditions may include passage of the licensure examination, completion of supervised work or education, inspection, verification of outside licensure and applicable databases, or verification of absence of relevant criminal charges or other action.
Termination
Validity ends upon full-license issuance or a statutory disqualifying event, including missing a deadline, materially failing inspection, inconsistent disciplinary or criminal information, or failing to complete a condition timely; the department then makes the provisional license inactive.

Assistant Behavior Analyst Temporary Permit

Supervised temporary permit under ARM 24.189.420 for an applicant lacking only the licensure examination. Examination passage is deferred, not deleted from the pathway.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Supervised temporary permit pending examination
BCaBA Certification Examination
Other Qualifications
The Board must find the other license qualifications satisfied; the temporary permit is discretionary, and ordinary full-license certification documentation is assessed in light of the expressly pending examination.
Pending Examination
The applicant lacks only the examination for full licensure; examination passage is deferred under ARM 24.189.420. The BACB examination identified by 37-17-403 is retained as the examination involved in this pathway.
Supervision
Work under a Montana licensee of the same license type. The supervisor must have at least three years of licensure before supervision and remain free of disciplinary actions during supervision.

Behavior Analyst

Montana license for behavior analyst under 37-17-403, MCA. The relevant BACB examination remains a requirement even when passed before application. National certification and other applicant qualifications are conditions.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Licensure by endorsement or reciprocity
BCBA Certification Examination
Active Outside License
Hold an active license in good standing in a jurisdiction with substantially equivalent qualifications measured at application. If qualifications are not substantially equivalent, the Board determines whether actual qualifications and work experience address the deficiency.
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Equivalency Review
ARM 24.189.605, adopted effective February 7, 2026, treats listed substantially equivalent jurisdictions as routine for education, examination and experience; an application may be nonroutine for another reason. This survey does not assess another jurisdiction.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Reciprocity Agreement
An applicable Board reciprocity agreement cannot allow standards below substantially equivalent Montana standards; examination credit or relief for an individual applicant is assessed by the Board.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
Reactivation of an expired license within two years
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with certification and educational requirements accrued since the license was last granted or renewed.
Mandatory Audit
Reactivation after expiration is subject to a mandatory continuing education audit under 37-1-306(2), MCA.
Renewal Submission
Submit the completed renewal form and pay the prescribed current renewal and late penalty fees.
Time Limit
Reactivate within two years after the renewal date.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Licensure by examination and current BACB certification
BCBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
Reactivation within 45 days after lapse
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with applicable certification and educational requirements; this renewal-based reactivation does not itself require a named licensure examination.
Renewal Submission
Submit the completed renewal form and pay the prescribed current renewal and late penalty fees.
Time Limit
Reactivate within 45 days after the renewal date.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Military member, military spouse or veteran reciprocity
BCBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Discipline
The military reciprocity provisions do not apply if the outside license is not in good standing or is subject to pending charges or final disciplinary action for unprofessional conduct or impairment.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Equivalence
Under 37-1-147(2)(a), MCA, the Board may issue the license when the other licensing requirements are substantially equivalent; this does not direct an additional sitting of the BACB examination already passed.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Military Eligibility
Meet the military-member, military-spouse, change-of-station or honorable-discharge-and-relocation conditions of 37-1-147(1), MCA, and hold an outside license or certification in good standing.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
Initial licensure with relevant military education, training or service
BCBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Military Qualifications
Upon presentation of satisfactory evidence, relevant education, training or service completed in the armed forces or reserves of the United States, national guard, military reserves or naval militia is accepted toward license qualifications under 37-1-145, MCA. This does not itself waive the named BACB examination.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
New original license after automatic termination
BCBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
Terminated License
A license not renewed within two years automatically terminates under 37-1-141(8), MCA; it cannot be reactivated. Apply for a new original license and meet current qualifications.
Voluntary licensure by an otherwise exempt person
BCBA Certification Examination
Application
Submit the Board application and the prescribed application fee; the current adopted fee is $310 for a behavior analyst and $250 for an assistant behavior analyst (ARM 24.189.401, amended effective May 9, 2026).
Application Completion
Complete the application within 12 months of receipt by the Board.
Background Check
Submit a full set of fingerprints for the Montana Department of Justice and FBI criminal record background check; the Board receives the results.
Current Certification
Provide current BACB certification at the BCBA level and the original BACB Letter of Good Standing sent directly to the Board documenting examination passage, certification level, certification date and disciplinary actions.
Document Language
Provide certified translations for documents not in English.
Education
Meet the educational coursework and requirements set by the Board; appropriate BACB certification is required.
Ethical Attestation
Attest to abiding by the BACB professional and ethical requirements specified in 37-17-403(2)(f), MCA. ARM 24.189.1604 adopts the BACB Ethics Code for Behavior Analysts effective January 1, 2022.
Exam Timing
The currently offered BACB examination remains an examination reference when its passing score was obtained before application; no new sitting is implied solely by referencing the examination.
Exemption
A person within 37-17-404(1)-(4), MCA, may choose to apply for licensure by meeting 37-17-403. The exemption does not create an additional license level or a technician license.
License Verification
Request official verification of all professional licenses currently or previously held; provide explanations and source records for affirmative personal-history answers.
Moral Character
Be of good moral character.
Supervision Reporting
If supervising assistants, behavior technicians or student interns, submit the appropriate supervision form and prescribed fee. Under ARM 24.189.950, report each supervisee within five business days, maintain a written agreement, and meet face-to-face at least monthly; the intern limits are three when also supervising technicians or assistants and seven otherwise.
Annual license renewal
No examination is required for this applicant pathway.
Continued Qualifications
Comply with applicable continuing education and certification requirements. Under 37-1-306(2), MCA, proof or audit is not a precondition for ordinary renewal.
Continuing Education
Obtain 20 hours each two-year reporting period ending on the renewal date in odd-numbered years, including two ethics hours and one suicide-prevention hour. No CE is required if licensed less than one full calendar year at the first reporting date. Maintain CE records for three years; do not carry hours forward.
Renewal Window
Renew from November 1 through December 31 by submitting the completed renewal form and prescribed renewal fee.

Official no-examination sources

Effective from 2026-09-22.

Behavior Analyst Temporary License for Military Reciprocity

Temporary license authorized by 37-1-147(2)(b), MCA, for an eligible military applicant completing specific Montana requirements.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Military reciprocity temporary license pending specific qualifications
BCBA Certification Examination
Board Determination
The Board determines the specific outstanding requirements. The BACB licensure examination identified by 37-17-403 is retained, with credit for an existing passing score or deferred passage treated as the applicant condition.
Discipline
The special reciprocity provisions do not apply if the outside license is not in good standing or has the pending charges or final disciplinary action described in 37-1-147(3), MCA.
Military Eligibility
Meet the military eligibility and outside good-standing requirements of 37-1-147(1), MCA.
Nonequivalent Requirements
If the outside requirements are not substantially equivalent, the Board may issue a temporary license while the person completes specific Montana requirements.

Behavior Analyst Provisional License

Provisional license under 37-1-144, MCA, while one or more statutorily specified conditions are pending.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Provisional licensure while specified conditions are pending
BCBA Certification Examination
Exam Timing
Examination passage may be pending or already established. The identified BACB examination is retained; a reference does not demand a new sitting by an applicant whose passing score is accepted.
Initial Eligibility
The department must initially determine the applicant eligible except for one or more conditions listed in 37-1-144(1), MCA.
Limitations
The Board may prescribe time, place, supervision or other limitations by rule.
Pending Conditions
Pending conditions may include passage of the licensure examination, completion of supervised work or education, inspection, verification of outside licensure and applicable databases, or verification of absence of relevant criminal charges or other action.
Termination
Validity ends upon full-license issuance or a statutory disqualifying event, including missing a deadline, materially failing inspection, inconsistent disciplinary or criminal information, or failing to complete a condition timely; the department then makes the provisional license inactive.

Behavior Analyst Temporary Permit

Supervised temporary permit under ARM 24.189.420 for an applicant lacking only the licensure examination. Examination passage is deferred, not deleted from the pathway.

Licensing authority: Montana Board of Psychologists · Application information

Supervised temporary permit pending examination
BCBA Certification Examination
Other Qualifications
The Board must find the other license qualifications satisfied; the temporary permit is discretionary, and ordinary full-license certification documentation is assessed in light of the expressly pending examination.
Pending Examination
The applicant lacks only the examination for full licensure; examination passage is deferred under ARM 24.189.420. The BACB examination identified by 37-17-403 is retained as the examination involved in this pathway.
Supervision
Work under a Montana licensee of the same license type. The supervisor must have at least three years of licensure before supervision and remain free of disciplinary actions during supervision.

BCaBA Certification Examination

Provider
Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB); delivered by Pearson VUE in person at authorized Pearson VUE testing sites
Format
Computer-based multiple-choice examination, continuously available and offered only in English; each question has 4 possible answers and only 1 correct answer; all questions are equally weighted and the result is based on overall performance
Exam questions
175 multiple-choice questions: 150 scored and 25 unscored
Time limit
4 hours
Passing score
Pass/fail; criterion-referenced passing score established by the modified Angoff method
Exam fee
$175 certification application (BACB) plus $125 examination appointment (Pearson VUE)
Examination outline
  • A. Behaviorism and Philosophical Foundations (10 of 150 scored questions) (7%)
    • A.1. Explain the goals of behavior analysis as a natural science (i.e., description, prediction, control).
    • A.2. Explain the philosophical assumptions underlying the science of behavior analysis (e.g., selectionism, determinism, empiricism, parsimony, pragmatism).
    • A.3. Describe and explain behavior from the perspective of radical behaviorism.
    • A.4. Distinguish among behaviorism, the experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, and professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis.
    • A.5. Identify and describe dimensions of applied behavior analysis (Baer, Wolf, & Risley, 1968).
  • B. Concepts and Principles (18 of 150 scored questions) (12%)
    • B.1. Identify and distinguish among behavior, response, and response class.
    • B.2. Identify and distinguish between stimulus and stimulus class.
    • B.3. Identify and distinguish between respondent and operant conditioning.
    • B.4. Identify and distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement contingencies.
    • B.5. Identify and distinguish between positive and negative punishment contingencies.
    • B.6. Identify and distinguish between automatic and socially mediated contingencies.
    • B.7. Identify and distinguish among unconditioned, conditioned, and generalized reinforcers and punishers.
    • B.8. Identify and distinguish among simple schedules of reinforcement.
    • B.9. Identify examples of operant extinction.
    • B.10. Identify and distinguish between types of stimulus control.
    • B.11. Identify and distinguish between discrimination and generalization.
    • B.12. Define and identify examples of unconditioned motivating operations.
    • B.13. Identify and distinguish between rule-governed and contingency-shaped behavior.
    • B.14. Identify and distinguish among elementary verbal operants.
    • B.15. Define and identify examples of processes that promote emergent relations and generative performance.
  • C. Measurement, Data Display, and Interpretation (20 of 150 scored questions) (13%)
    • C.1. Define and identify dimensions of behavior (e.g., count, duration, magnitude).
    • C.2. Describe the form (i.e., topography) and develop operational definitions of behavior.
    • C.3. Distinguish among direct, indirect, and product measures of behavior.
    • C.4. Develop and implement continuous measurement procedures (e.g., duration recording, event recording).
    • C.5. Develop and implement discontinuous measurement procedures (e.g., interval recording, time sampling).
    • C.6. Evaluate the validity and reliability of measurement procedures.
    • C.7. Select a measurement system to obtain representative data given the dimensions of behavior and the logistics of observing and recording.
    • C.8. Graph data to communicate relevant quantitative relations (e.g., equal-interval graphs, bar graphs, cumulative records).
    • C.9. Interpret graphed data.
    • C.10. Develop and evaluate mastery criteria.
  • D. Experimental Design (10 of 150 scored questions) (7%)
    • D.1. Distinguish between dependent and independent variables.
    • D.2. Distinguish between internal and external validity.
    • D.3. Identify the defining features of single-case experimental designs (e.g., individuals serve as their own controls, repeated measures, prediction, verification, replication).
    • D.4. Identify strengths of single-case experimental design.
    • D.5. Distinguish among and implement single-case experimental designs (e.g., reversal, multiple baseline, multielement, changing criterion).
    • D.6. Distinguish among and implement comparative, component, and parametric analyses.
  • E. Ethical and Professional Issues (18 of 150 scored questions) (12%)
    • E.1. Identify and apply core principles underlying the ethics codes for BACB certificants (e.g., benefit others; treat others with compassion, dignity, and respect; behave with integrity).
    • E.2. Identify the risks to oneself, others, and the profession associated with engaging in unethical behavior (e.g., misuse of social media, misrepresentation of one’s credential, making confidential information public).
    • E.3. Identify one’s area(s) of competence and when to seek a supervisor’s guidance.
    • E.4. Identify professional development activities that strengthen and expand areas of competence (e.g., attend conferences, read literature, seek consultation, establish mentors).
    • E.5. Identify and comply with requirements for collecting, using, protecting, and disclosing confidential information.
    • E.6. Identify steps that should be taken when transitioning clients or supervisees to another professional or when a BCaBA transitions to a different supervisor.
    • E.7. Identify types of and risks associated with multiple relationships, and how to mitigate those risks when they are unavoidable.
    • E.8. Identify and apply interpersonal and other skills (e.g., accepting feedback, listening actively, seeking input, collaborating) to establish and maintain professional relationships.
    • E.9. Engage in cultural humility in service delivery and professional relationships.
    • E.10. Apply culturally responsive and inclusive service and supervision activities.
    • E.11. Identify and apply the legal, regulatory, and practice requirements (e.g., licensure, jurisprudence, funding, certification) relevant to the delivery of behavior-analytic services.
  • F. Behavior Assessment (17 of 150 scored questions) (11%)
    • F.1. Review relevant information in available records and data (e.g., educational, medical, historical) at the outset of a case.
    • F.2. Identify conditions that warrant behavior-analytic services.
    • F.3. Identify and prioritize socially significant, client-informed, and culturally responsive behavior-change goals.
    • F.4. Implement assessments of relevant skill strengths and deficits, and contextual fit (e.g., client values, cultural variables, social validity, environmental resources).
    • F.5. Implement preference and reinforcer assessments.
    • F.6. Implement functional assessments of behavior, including indirect, descriptive, and experimental analyses.
  • G. Behavior-Change Procedures (22 of 150 scored questions) (15%)
    • G.1. Develop and implement positive and negative reinforcement procedures, including contingent and noncontingent applications.
    • G.2. Develop and implement procedures to establish and use conditioned reinforcers.
    • G.3. Develop and implement procedures that incorporate motivating operations and discriminative stimuli.
    • G.4. Develop and implement procedures to teach simple and conditional discriminations.
    • G.5. Develop and implement procedures using stimulus and response prompts that include appropriate fading procedures (e.g., errorless, least-to-most, stimulus fading).
    • G.6. Develop and implement modeling procedures.
    • G.7. Develop and implement procedures that use instructions and rules.
    • G.8. Develop and implement shaping procedures.
    • G.9. Develop and implement chaining procedures.
    • G.10. Develop and implement procedures to teach elementary verbal operants.
    • G.11. Develop and implement procedures to promote emergent relations and generative performance.
    • G.12. Develop and implement procedures that promote behavioral persistence.
    • G.13. Develop and implement acquisition procedures that are appropriate to the client’s skills and intervention goals (e.g., discrete-trial, free-operant, and naturalistic teaching arrangements).
    • G.14. Develop and implement group contingency procedures.
    • G.15. Develop and implement contingency contracting procedures.
    • G.16. Develop and implement self-management procedures.
    • G.17. Develop and implement procedures to promote stimulus and response generalization.
    • G.18. Develop and implement differential reinforcement procedures with and without extinction.
    • G.19. Define and implement positive and negative punishment procedures (e.g., time-out, response cost, overcorrection).
    • G.20. Develop and implement procedures to promote maintenance of behavior change.
  • H. Intervention Development and Monitoring (20 of 150 scored questions) (13%)
    • H.1. State intervention goals in observable and measurable terms.
    • H.2. Identify potential interventions based on assessment results and scientific evidence.
    • H.3. Develop intervention goals and procedures based on risks and contextual fit (e.g., client preferences and values, cultural variables, social validity, environmental resources).
    • H.4. Identify alternative behaviors to be established or increased when a target behavior is to be decreased.
    • H.5. Identify possible unwanted effects when using reinforcement, extinction, and punishment procedures.
    • H.6. Evaluate client progress and procedural integrity.
    • H.7. Make data-based decisions about the effectiveness of procedures and the need for modification.
    • H.8. Collaborate with and include others who support and/or provide services to clients.
  • I. Supervisory Relationships (15 of 150 scored questions) (10%)
    • I.1. Use behavior-analytic supervision practices and state the potential risks of ineffective supervision (e.g., poor client outcomes, impaired job satisfaction, employee turnover).
    • I.2. Identify and apply strategies for establishing and maintaining effective supervisory relationships (e.g., active listening, providing reinforcement, reciprocal feedback).
    • I.3. Identify and implement methods that promote equity in supervision practices.
    • I.4. Establish clear performance expectations for the supervisor and supervisee.
    • I.5. Select supervision goals based on an assessment of the supervisee’s skills.
    • I.6. Apply empirically validated and competency-based approaches to train supervisees to perform assessment and intervention procedures.
    • I.7. Identify and apply empirically validated and culturally responsive performance management procedures (e.g., modeling, practice, feedback, reinforcement, task clarification, manipulation of response effort).
    • I.8. Apply a function-based approach (e.g., performance diagnostics) to assess and improve supervisee behavior.
    • I.9. Evaluate the effects of supervision (e.g., on client outcomes, on supervisee repertoires).
Examination sources

BCBA Certification Examination

Provider
Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB); delivered by Pearson VUE in person at authorized Pearson VUE testing sites
Format
Computer-based multiple-choice examination, continuously available and offered only in English; each question has 4 possible answers and only 1 correct answer; all questions are equally weighted and the result is based on overall performance
Exam questions
185 multiple-choice questions: 175 scored and 10 unscored
Time limit
4 hours
Passing score
Pass/fail; criterion-referenced passing score established by the modified Angoff method
Exam fee
$245 certification application (BACB) plus $125 examination appointment (Pearson VUE); $140 examination retake application
Examination outline
  • A. Behaviorism and Philosophical Foundations (8 of 175 scored questions) (5%)
    • A.1. Identify the goals of behavior analysis as a science (i.e., description, prediction, control).
    • A.2. Explain the philosophical assumptions underlying the science of behavior analysis (e.g., selectionism, determinism, empiricism, parsimony, pragmatism).
    • A.3. Explain behavior from the perspective of radical behaviorism.
    • A.4. Distinguish among behaviorism, the experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, and professional practice guided by the science of behavior analysis.
    • A.5. Identify and describe dimensions of applied behavior analysis.
  • B. Concepts and Principles (24 of 175 scored questions) (14%)
    • B.1. Identify and distinguish among behavior, response, and response class.
    • B.2. Identify and distinguish between stimulus and stimulus class.
    • B.3. Identify and distinguish between respondent and operant conditioning.
    • B.4. Identify and distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement contingencies.
    • B.5. Identify and distinguish between positive and negative punishment contingencies.
    • B.6. Identify and distinguish between automatic and socially mediated contingencies.
    • B.7. Identify and distinguish among unconditioned, conditioned, and generalized reinforcers.
    • B.8. Identify and distinguish among unconditioned, conditioned, and generalized punishers.
    • B.9. Identify and distinguish among simple schedules of reinforcement.
    • B.10. Identify and distinguish among concurrent, multiple, mixed, and chained schedules of reinforcement.
    • B.11. Identify and distinguish between operant and respondent extinction as operations and processes.
    • B.12. Identify examples of stimulus control.
    • B.13. Identify examples of stimulus discrimination.
    • B.14. Identify and distinguish between stimulus and response generalization.
    • B.15. Identify examples of response maintenance.
    • B.16. Identify examples of motivating operations.
    • B.17. Distinguish between motivating operations and stimulus control.
    • B.18. Identify and distinguish between rule-governed and contingency-shaped behavior.
    • B.19. Identify and distinguish among verbal operants.
    • B.20. Identify the role of multiple control in verbal behavior.
    • B.21. Identify examples of processes that promote emergent relations and generative performance.
    • B.22. Identify ways behavioral momentum can be used to understand response persistence.
    • B.23. Identify ways the matching law can be used to interpret response allocation.
    • B.24. Identify and distinguish between imitation and observational learning.
  • C. Measurement, Data Display, and Interpretation (21 of 175 scored questions) (12%)
    • C.1. Create operational definitions of behavior.
    • C.2. Distinguish among direct, indirect, and product measures of behavior.
    • C.3. Measure occurrence.
    • C.4. Measure temporal dimensions of behavior (e.g., duration, latency, interresponse time).
    • C.5. Distinguish between continuous and discontinuous measurement procedures.
    • C.6. Design and apply discontinuous measurement procedures (e.g., interval recording, time sampling).
    • C.7. Measure efficiency (e.g., trials to criterion, cost-benefit analysis, training duration).
    • C.8. Evaluate the validity and reliability of measurement procedures.
    • C.9. Select a measurement procedure to obtain representative data that accounts for the critical dimension of the behavior and environmental constraints.
    • C.10. Graph data to communicate relevant quantitative relations (e.g., equal-interval graphs, bar graphs, cumulative records).
    • C.11. Interpret graphed data.
    • C.12. Select a measurement procedure to obtain representative procedural integrity data that accounts for relevant dimensions (e.g., accuracy, dosage) and environmental constraints.
  • D. Experimental Design (13 of 175 scored questions) (7%)
    • D.1. Distinguish between dependent and independent variables.
    • D.2. Distinguish between internal and external validity.
    • D.3. Identify threats to internal validity (e.g., history, maturation).
    • D.4. Identify the defining features of single-case experimental designs (e.g., individuals serve as their own controls, repeated measures, prediction, verification, replication).
    • D.5. Identify the relative strengths of single-case experimental designs and group designs.
    • D.6. Critique and interpret data from single-case experimental designs.
    • D.7. Distinguish among reversal, multiple-baseline, multielement, and changing-criterion designs.
    • D.8. Identify rationales for conducting comparative, component, and parametric analyses.
    • D.9. Apply single-case experimental designs.
  • E. Ethical and Professional Issues (22 of 175 scored questions) (13%)
    • E.1. Identify and apply core principles underlying the ethics codes for BACB certificants (e.g., benefit others; treat others with compassion, dignity, and respect; behave with integrity).
    • E.2. Identify the risks to oneself, others, and the profession as a result of engaging in unethical behavior.
    • E.3. Develop and maintain competence by engaging in professional development activities (e.g., read literature, seek consultation, establish mentors).
    • E.4. Identify and comply with requirements for collecting, using, protecting, and disclosing confidential information.
    • E.5. Identify and comply with requirements for making public statements about professional activities (e.g., social media activity; misrepresentation of professional credentials, behavior analysis, and service outcomes).
    • E.6. Identify the conditions under which services or supervision should be discontinued and apply steps that should be taken when transitioning clients and supervisees to another professional.
    • E.7. Identify types of and risks associated with multiple relationships, and how to mitigate those risks when they are unavoidable.
    • E.8. Identify and apply interpersonal and other skills (e.g., accepting feedback, listening actively, seeking input, collaborating) to establish and maintain professional relationships.
    • E.9. Engage in cultural humility in service delivery and professional relationships.
    • E.10. Apply culturally responsive and inclusive service and supervision activities.
    • E.11. Identify personal biases and how they might interfere with professional activity.
    • E.12. Identify and apply the legal, regulatory, and practice requirements (e.g., licensure, jurisprudence, funding, certification) relevant to the delivery of behavior-analytic services.
  • F. Behavior Assessment (23 of 175 scored questions) (13%)
    • F.1. Identify relevant sources of information in records (e.g., educational, medical, historical) at the outset of the case.
    • F.2. Identify and integrate relevant cultural variables in the assessment process.
    • F.3. Design and evaluate assessments of relevant skill strengths and areas of need.
    • F.4. Design and evaluate preference assessments.
    • F.5. Design and evaluate descriptive assessments.
    • F.6. Design and evaluate functional analyses.
    • F.7. Interpret assessment data to determine the need for behavior-analytic services and/or referral to others.
    • F.8. Interpret assessment data to identify and prioritize socially significant, client-informed, and culturally responsive behavior-change procedures and goals.
  • G. Behavior-Change Procedures (25 of 175 scored questions) (14%)
    • G.1. Design and evaluate positive and negative reinforcement procedures.
    • G.2. Design and evaluate differential reinforcement (e.g., DRA, DRO, DRL, DRH) procedures with and without extinction.
    • G.3. Design and evaluate time-based reinforcement (e.g., fixed-time) schedules.
    • G.4. Identify procedures to establish and use conditioned reinforcers (e.g., token economies).
    • G.5. Incorporate motivating operations and discriminative stimuli into behavior-change procedures.
    • G.6. Design and evaluate procedures to produce simple and conditional discriminations.
    • G.7. Select and evaluate stimulus and response prompting procedures (e.g., errorless, most-to-least, least-to-most).
    • G.8. Design and implement procedures to fade stimulus and response prompts (e.g., prompt delay, stimulus fading).
    • G.9. Design and evaluate modeling procedures.
    • G.10. Design and evaluate instructions and rules.
    • G.11. Shape dimensions of behavior.
    • G.12. Select and implement chaining procedures.
    • G.13. Design and evaluate trial-based and free-operant procedures.
    • G.14. Design and evaluate group contingencies.
    • G.15. Design and evaluate procedures to promote stimulus and response generalization.
    • G.16. Design and evaluate procedures to maintain desired behavior change following intervention (e.g., schedule thinning, transferring to naturally occurring reinforcers).
    • G.17. Design and evaluate positive and negative punishment (e.g., time-out, response cost, overcorrection).
    • G.18. Evaluate emotional and elicited effects of behavior-change procedures.
    • G.19. Design and evaluate procedures to promote emergent relations and generative performance.
  • H. Selecting and Implementing Interventions (20 of 175 scored questions) (11%)
    • H.1. Develop intervention goals in observable and measurable terms.
    • H.2. Identify and recommend interventions based on assessment results, scientific evidence, client preferences, and contextual fit (e.g., expertise required for implementation, cultural variables, environmental resources).
    • H.3. Select socially valid alternative behavior to be established or increased when a target behavior is to be decreased.
    • H.4. Plan for and attempt to mitigate possible unwanted effects when using reinforcement, extinction, and punishment procedures.
    • H.5. Plan for and attempt to mitigate possible relapse of the target behavior.
    • H.6. Make data-based decisions about procedural integrity.
    • H.7. Make data-based decisions about the effectiveness of the intervention and the need for modification.
    • H.8. Collaborate with others to support and enhance client services.
  • I. Personnel Supervision and Management (19 of 175 scored questions) (11%)
    • I.1. Identify the benefits of using behavior-analytic supervision (e.g., improved client outcomes, improved staff performance and retention).
    • I.2. Identify and apply strategies for establishing effective supervisory relationships (e.g., executing supervisor-supervisee contracts, establishing clear expectations, giving and accepting feedback).
    • I.3. Identify and implement methods that promote equity in supervision practices.
    • I.4. Select supervision goals based on an assessment of the supervisee’s skills, cultural variables, and the environment.
    • I.5. Identify and apply empirically validated and culturally responsive performance management procedures (e.g., modeling, practice, feedback, reinforcement, task clarification, manipulation of response effort).
    • I.6. Apply a function-based approach (e.g., performance diagnostics) to assess and improve supervisee behavior.
    • I.7. Make data-based decisions about the efficacy of supervisory practices.
Examination sources